Merit pay will improve education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Legitimacy pay will improve training - Essay Example It very well may be considered as regular situation that there is isolated view with respect to the said premise. One side brought up that the legitimacy pay can be considered as the response to the best possible pay for meriting educators. Then again, the central matter of the contradicting bunch is the unavoidable escalation of the uncalled for treatment with respect to remuneration that can be viewed as significant even without the said issue. To have the option to accomplish the goals of the said investigation, there are various ideas that are should have been mulled over. One is the accomplishment of a comprehension of basic idea, for example, the meaning of the legitimacy pay and the rules that are proposed in its application. Another is the causes and underlying foundations of the ascent of the said issues. At last, consideration of the conversation of the repercussions and effects of the recommendations on merit pay for instructors in the situation that it had just been applied and actualized is likewise key. The legitimacy pay idea is identified with the kind of execution related pay that can be seen in instructive change issues. The said framework depends on the point of view that given the best possible remuneration and motivation the instructors can be the primary instrument in improving the instructive framework explicitly the instructive accomplishment of the understudies. The sort of pay alluded to as the legitimacy pay framework would then be able to be viewed as dependent on the rules actualized in a specific foundation. So far as that is concerned it covers the workers under the said gathering. It is imperative to consider through that the said program needs finances that can accommodate the assigned accomplishments of the representatives. The said strategy is remembered for the rules of human asset the executives as a technique to improve the presentation of the workers

Web Content Management Systems

Formats: Standard yield layouts can be made and applied to change the structure of the whole website page can be changed midway. Access Control: Some of the web content administration frameworks permit the substance supervisor to oversee get to rights to specific gatherings or clients, 0 Access rights can be given or certain pages can be hindered for explicit client bunches Access right can likewise be figured out how to permit or square access for ‘logged on' or ‘anonymous clients' Scalable Expansion: WOWS' give the ability to extend a solitary usage (one establishment on one server) to different domains.Work stream the executives: Workflow is the way toward making patterns of consecutive and equal assignments that must be cultivated in the SMS. For instance, one or many substance makers can present a story, however it isn't distributed until the duplicate supervisor clearness it up and the manager in-boss favors it. Coordinated effort: WOWS permits numerous individuals to team up on a solitary site page. Many approved substance essayists can take a shot at one record or page at the same time, these progressions can be approved to make them changeless or denied to return to the first document.Document the executives: SMS programming may give a meaner of cooperatively dealing with the existence pattern of a report from beginning creation time, through updates, distribution, file, and archive decimation. Content preparation: SMS programming may give a meaner of permitting every client to work inside a virtual duplicate of the whole site, archive set, as well as code base.This empowers changes to numerous associated assets to be seen and additionally executed in-setting before Content syndication: Content administration frameworks help in content conveyance by he enjoys of IRS takes care of, messages can likewise be conveyed to enrolled clients on the off chance that the substance is refreshed. Multilingual help: The substance can be shown in numerous dialects. Forming: Like many archive the board framework, forming should be possible on the web content as well.Authorized content editors can get composing from a point in the article previously distributed. This element is exceptionally valuable in substance that require normal refreshing. Sorts of substance the board frameworks There are three kinds of substance the board frameworks: 0 Online SMS Offline SMS Hybrid SMS Online SMS: The online substance the executives frameworks are fit for showing content on request when a client visits the site page. E. G. A specific layout can be applied to the weapon from the web store when a client is visiting the web page.Offline SMS: These are at times alluded to as â€Å"static-website generators†, here as opposed to showing the substance on-request, the substance preparing is done before distributing. Since pre-handling instruments don't require a server to show content on-request. Disconnected SMS can likewise exist absolutely as a structure time device. Half and half SMS: These aim the board frameworks compose executable substance, where SMS itself doesn't need to be sent on a server however server comparative usefulness of the online SMS.Most mainstream content administration frameworks 0 Wordless Joana Mood Text design Refinery SMS Drupes Concrete 5 Donned nuke Embrace Tiny SMS Advantages of SMS Cost successful With a substance the board framework, a site page can be kept up at a small amount of a cost of employing a web designer. Simple customization The page can be handily altered without coding. Most WOWS give a GUI utilizing which the aim can be tweaked utilizing easy to understand highlights, for example, ‘drag and drop'.SEE amicable Websites oversaw by WOWS are more Search Engine well disposed for the accompanying reasons; 0 Regularly refreshed substance Some web crawlers offer inclination to routinely refreshed substance while showing the outcomes. URL modifying can be actualized effectively which delivers clean URL without boundaries. Auto produced IRS takes care of increment the quantity of endorsers of the site. Drawbacks of SMS Latency issues Larger Cams can encounter inertness if equipment foundation isn't state-of-the-art, whenever stacked each time information is refreshed develop large.Load adjusting issues may likewise weaken storing records. (1) Tool blending Because the URL of numerous Cams are progressively created with interior boundaries and reference data, they are regularly not steady enough for static pages and other web apparatuses, especially web indexes, to depend on them. (1) Managerial Implications of Implementing a SMS In the present business situation, where having an e-nearness is not, at this point a separating factor yet a need, where net revenues are wafer thin.WOWS' can lay a significant job of meeting the two objectives of having an e-nearness simultaneously keeping the costs identified with keeping up a site under control. With a WOWS asid e from the executing costs the remainder of the working is moderately cost free, as any ‘non-specialized' individual with practically zero preparing can keep up content utilizing a SMS. WOWS' takes into account visit refreshing of substance, which would help keep the substance new and help in SEE. References 0 http://en. Wisped. Organization/wick/content_management_system http://www. Masseuses. Com/tag/l (I-well known substance the executives frameworks on the web/

Imannuel Kant Life and teachings essays

Imannuel Kant Life and lessons expositions Immanuel Kant was conceived in the East Prussian city of Knigsberg, which is today the Russian city of Kaliningrad. Immanuel learned at the University of Knigsberg where he coached a portion of the well off high society understudies of the college, in the end turning into an educator where he showed his goals for all the more then forty years. Kant carried on with as long as he can remember in the city of his introduction to the world, failing to venture all the more then fifty miles from his home. Kants principle insightful postulation is: The chance of human information surmises the dynamic investment of the human psyche (philosophypages.com, Kemerling). Immanuel Kant was brought into the world the forward offspring of the family, which in the end included five sisters and one sibling, on April 22, 1724. Kant was conceived in East Prussia, during a period of recuperation from war and plague which had cut the number of inhabitants in the city by practically half. Kants Scottish dad and granddad were leatherworkers who squeezed out a living creation seats and tackles, so he and his eight kin knew consistent destitution during their initial years (Philosophy, Christian, P. 260). One of Kants early impacts in his philosophical life was his mom Anna, who never herself went to advanced education. Kants moms emphasis on realities and good commitments was to stay with Kant through his life and assumed a main job in his way of thinking (Kant in an hour and a half, Strathem, P. 11). His appearance was as much a peculiarity as his character. He was under five feet tall, and his head was excessively enormous for his body. His casing experienced a slight corkscrew curve, which made his left shoulder hang, his correct shoulder twist back, and his head will in general shelter one side (Kant in an hour and a half, Strathem, P. 15). At eighteen years old Kant was admitted to the University of Knigsberg as a religious understudy. He got money related help from the nearby pietist... <!

A Microeconomic Analysis of Indian Retail Industry

Over the span of the report, we attempt to discover †how the retail part works, significant guidelines that influence its working and the difficulties that anticipate the division and sum up with our examination and proposals. Note: We have utilized where we’ve dissected the circumstance from a smaller scale financial perspective. Presentation The retail part in India can extensively be delegated sorted out and chaotic where the portion of sloppy division is over 93% of the aggregate and incorporates the kirana stores, mother and pop stores and the kind. The composed or current retail division then again catches a negligible 7% of the absolute piece of the pie. Present day retail is characterized as a type of retailing whereby shoppers can purchase merchandise from a comparative buy condition across more than one physical area and works under three levels: Specialist stores taking into account some specific class of item, for example, footwear, pharma excellence, food and basic food item and so forth grouped under level I. Departmental stores that take into account a couple of classifications of retail put under level II, and shopping centers where we discover an agglomeration of numerous departmental stores, hypermarkets and so on †ordered under level III retail. The figure 1 underneath shows the different players at various degrees of retail. Retail locations can likewise be arranged under ‘lifestyle’, ‘value’ and ‘luxury’ designs dependent on the buyer pay fragment they target. Figure : Players working at various levels Figure: Organized Retail Although, the part gloats of covering practically all the verticals, a gander at the business sectors under various verticals shows that Organized Retail Penetration is incredibly low †2. 4 percent †for the food and basic food item, which interestingly compensates for the greatest piece of the all out retail showcase. The clothes, foot wear and home stylistic theme are the significant supporters under sorted out retail and have been thriving at a quick pace. The figures beneath portray the piece of the overall industry and Organized Retail Penetration in various verticals. Figure: Market Share of Different Verticals in Organized Retail Source: CRISIL Figure: Organized retail infiltration (%) in various verticals Source: CRISIL Retail nearly represents around 15% of India’s GDP and along these lines assumes a significant job in deciding the Indian monetary pointers. Sorted out retail turned into the everyone’s absolute favorite when Vishal Mega Mart benefitted from its activities in various pieces of India. Before long, different players began with their own retail chains, for example, V-Mart, Big Bazaar, Subhiksha, Pantaloons et al and the market transformed into a serious market, presumably bringing down the monetary benefits of the retailers, and thusly the circumstance presently is that Vishal, Subhiksha and others stand no place contrasted with the big deal, for example, Reliance, Big Bazaar and others. The significant purposes behind this are the showcasing blend of these brands and advantages from economies of scale. Be that as it may, in light of the fact that various elements go into deciding business gainfulness, it would not be right to give all credit to the previously mentioned factors. Let’s now take a gander at the significant player in sorted out retail in India. Significant PLAYERS The composed retail division of India has numerous local corporate houses contending with their endeavors, for example, Tata’s Chroma, Reliance Trends, Reliance Fresh, Futures Pantaloons, RPG so on. Other than these, entranced by the Indian socioeconomics and potential market, global players have entered through joint endeavors with national players and are intending to seek the offer through such systems. Significant players alongside their brands are demonstrated as follows. * Landmark (books and music) * Croma(multi-brand hardware) * World of Titan (watches) * Tanishq (adornments) * Titan Eye+ (eye wear) * Westside (way of life retail location) * Star Bazaar (hypermarket chain) * Fashion Yatra(family style store) * Central (shopping center) * Big Bazaar (hypermarket) * Pantaloons (design outlet) * Blue Sky (shades) * Brand Factory (multi-brand readymade articles of clothing) * KB’s Fair Price (fundamental items) * Navaras(jewellery) Planet Store (multi-brand sports and way of life forte retail) * aLL(fashion pieces of clothing) * Ethnicity (Indian ethnic wear) * Home Town (home needs), * eZone(electronics), * Furniture Bazaar (home furnishings), * Electronics Bazaar(under Big Bazaar, gadgets stores) * Home Bazaar (satellite adaptation of Home Town) * Collection I (way of life furniture) * Gen M ; One Mobile (cell phones) * M-Port (gadgets) * Shoe Factory (footwear) * Depot (b ooks and music) * Reliance Fresh (neighborhood store) * Reliance Mart (general store) * Reliance Super (smaller than usual store) Reliance Digital (buyer durables and data innovation) * Reliance Trends (attire and frill) * Reliance Wellness (wellbeing, health and excellence) * iStore(Apple items) * Reliance Footprint (footwear) * Reliance Jewels (gems) * Reliance TimeOut(books, music and amusement) * Reliance AutoZone (car items and administrations) * Reliance Living (home product, furniture, particular kitchens and decorations) * Music World (music and home video store) * Books ; Beyond (book shop) * Spencers (multi-position retail location) K RAHEJA Shoppers Stop (dress, embellishments, scents, beauty care products, footwear and home outfitting store) * Crossword (book shop) * Inorbit Mall (style, way of life, food and diversion) and Hyper City (hypermarket) As we can see that every single significant gathering in India have opened up their retail locations taking into account var ious areas of the general public accommodating various needs of the clients. This has brought about a kind of monopolistic rivalry in sorted out retail advertise in metro and Tier 1cities inferable from the enormous number of variations being offered to the clients. Be that as it may, in Tier 2 and 3 urban areas there are less of such present day retail locations and the market circumstance can be contrasted with oligopoly, yet anyway as a result of neighborhood players and sloppy retail the impacts of oligopoly for the most part don’t appear. The nearness of contenders consequently influences the player, yet the business and the country as entirety. Let’s talk about in short the impacts of rivalry. Rivalry AND RIVALRY Competition is one of the way to accomplish financial productivity. It controls costs and urges organizations to improve ; give better nature of items. In the retail part rivalry is driven by numerous elements, including assortment, items, value, quality, administration, area, notoriety, credit and accessibility of retail space and so on. It can comprehensively be characterized under: 1. Rivalry on account of Internal Factors The huge number of gatherings in multibrand retail, for example, TATA, Raheja et al and furthermore single brand set up outside players, for example, Adidas, Nike and so on represent a danger to rapid development of Indian Retail. . Rivalry in light of External Factors The sorted out retail industry in India is confronting huge rivalry from the chaotic part. Customarily, retailing has been built up in India for quite a long time. It is a minimal effort structure, generally proprietor worked, has irrelevant land and work expenses and almost no assessments to pay. The disorderly retail area comprises over 93% of India’s abs olute retail division and in this way, represents a genuine obstacle for composed retailers. In light of the to a great extent disorderly nature of Indian retail, wasteful aspects have sneaked in and huge number of middle people exists, decreasing the practical and profitable effectiveness of the retail business. The administration in power has in this way been quick to advance FDI in retail in India. Hundred percent FDI in single brand retail welcomed worldwide organizations for rivalry in the Indian retail division. With this the organizations are working with a technique to have the option to take into account the necessities of the buyers and develop volumes by guaranteeing footfalls, while having the option to diminish costs, withstand downturns, and face rivalry. Here we additionally observe a typical practice to keep different organizations from influencing the financial business as usual of a nation, by forcing obstructions and tops on FDI, for instance what has been done in multibrand retail. Starting at now, FDI in multibrand retail can't surpass the predefined top which has kept worldwide retailers, for example, Walmart, Carrefour et al from entering the Indian market, in spite of the fact that they despite everything do exist in entire deal money and convey section. The market structure of the advanced retail is that of monopolistic rivalry in metros ; level I urban areas which for the most part have several shopping options including multi-brand retail outlets, single brand outlets in the shopping centers and across the nation chains. While in the level II ; level III urban communities the market structure is oligopoly in nature as they have less stores and some place just a solitary overly focus or shopping center. Likewise in the event that we take a gander at costs of various items in different retail outlets, we find that there isn't a lot of contrast between the costs, aside from during periods or periods of offer. This shows due to the extremely serious nature of current retail, which presently likewise incorporates online retail, the players are practically working at zero financial benefit, and hence don’t have a lot of degree to offer various costs for comparative items. Also practically all utilization comparative advancements and handling strategies to give the last item and along these lines the costs can't be expanded altogether, inspired by a paranoid fear of loss of piece of the overall industry. For instance, Pantaloons and Westside have nearly the comparative brands in offering for the client, leaving little degree for separation or value segregation. Value separation can anyway happen when we look at way of life or extravagance and worth organization stores, esteem stores charging lesser cost for a similar item sold at a more significant expense in way of life stores. To pick up advantage in such a serious domain significant retailers have begun to separate themselves by giving items under

Employee selection and training

Worker choice and preparing The job of modern/hierarchical brain research in choosing and preparing representatives Industrial brain science alludes to the utilization of mental ideas in taking care of issues in the work environment. As a rule such a procedure involves thinking of answers for issues related with execution of workers notwithstanding managing other authoritative concerns. Modern brain science likewise focuses on directing investigations on various arrangements of conduct communicated in an association as found in the idea of cooperations among laborers and management.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Employee determination and preparing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychology can be applied in an organization’s preparing programs through distinguishing proof of reasons for inside clashes and the answers for such clashes. Assessing and creating procedures for representative choice and examination strategies can be accomplished utilizing mo dern brain science. An analyst helps in structuring a determination and preparing program for an association through surveying corporate initiative abilities and systems for representative inspiration (Stone and Mark 1997). Various overviews have been completed to decide the utilization of mechanical/association brain research in the U.S. it is built up that the utilization of analysts in privately owned businesses, government associations and offices is on the ascent. It has additionally been set up that enormous associations are the significant clients of the ideas in hierarchical brain research as obvious in General Motors Corp, PepsiCo, Inc, IBM, ATT among others. They have at any rate one therapist working with them. Various organizations look for brain research advisors for help as opposed to recruiting analysts. The legislature is known to utilize therapists. A model is apparent in the government office of Personnel Management which has a various analysts working with them. T he military additionally has utilized clinicians to work with them a model being in the U.S. Armed force Research establishment. In every one of these associations, the clinicians for the most part work in the zones of execution evaluation, faculty choice, authoritative and administration brain research. In the wake of breaking down an associations issue, a clinician utilizes various methods to address the issue and recommend potential arrangements. A case of such a procedure is the utilization of designing brain research. This procedure tends to the human issues in an association by utilizing structure in an organization’s apparatus which much of the time considers human restrictions. This is apparent in the huge American partnerships whose sole goal is to make benefit. The moral concerns apparent in such a procedure is changing employee’s discernment to be more in accordance with benefit making hence a redirection from various good ideas (Malhotra 2007).Advertising L ooking for investigate paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another method utilized is work force brain science as clear in the military. This method focuses on the contrasts between people. Over the long haul it manages points of interest of determination and enlistment. The moral concern is apparent in the capacity of such a procedure to change the objectives and philosophies of the staff to be in accordance with those of the country. Inspiration and initiative is a generally utilized method in non military segments of government as apparent in government offices. The legitimate concern is that such a procedure isn't grounded on law. The utility of the logical determination of workers Experts in the field propose that so as to choose and enlist the best representatives, a recruiting technique that is deductively based ought to be utilized. These systems convey fitting outcomes if appropriately executed. These methodologies guarantee that an association makes a vocation benchmark that is dependable particularly regarding measurements. Another bit of leeway of utilizing the logical based worker choice procedure is that an association actualizes an un-one-sided representative determination program. Choosing and employing the best ability accessible in the field is an additional bit of leeway that this technique guarantees. It is important that if such a methodology is utilized, an organization’s execution is probably going to improve. In the process an association is probably going to decrease its representative turnover which for the most part emerges from workers who don't meet all requirements for specific errands. Another significant factor in the activity of choosing and preparing workers deductively is setting up a methodology that precisely decides the best speculation adventures. To achieve positive outcomes on such speculations it is fitting to feature expli cit employment prerequisites. It is additionally significant that an association complies with a preparation program that will realize in general improvement in execution. It is fitting that an association distinguishes development openings with an end goal to address cultural issues. This can be accomplished using character instruments that are sufficiently amazing to recognize an individual’s needs. After this procedure, an association defines a modified methodology outfitted towards dealing with an employee’s talent.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Employee choice and preparing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are situations where logical determination and preparing of laborers can not be applied similar to the situation when a supposition that is made concerning the nearness of an industrialist framework which thus prompts a programmed increment in benefits and effectiveness of laborers. It is anyway conceivabl e to utilize logical choice method in an association where there is an away from of power and errand specialization (Malhotra 2007). References Malhotra, N. (2007). Audit of Marketing Research. New York, NY: M.E. Sharpe Stone, P. Imprint, C. (1997). Hierarchical Psychology. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate

5 Reasons Why Every Blogger Should Use MindMeister

5 Reasons Why Every Blogger Should Use MindMeister This is a guest post by Emily Dumas. Emily is a social media consultant and aspiring blogger from Massachusetts. You can follow her on Twitter or check out her new blog at www.emilyriane.com where she writes about social media, lifestyle and trends. As any successful blogger will tell you, organization is one of the key aspects of having a blog. You can mark-up your planners and make endless to-do lists, but how do you organize your evolving thought process? For me, jotting down notes can be useful but also so confusing! Ive occasionally entered what I thought was a great idea as a note into my iPhone; but then when I go back and read it I have no idea what my thoughts really were. This is where MindMeister comes in. MindMeister is an online mind mapping tool that lets you visualize your thoughts and map out content ideas on a canvas. Here are 5 reasons why I love MindMeister and why I think every blogger should give it a try: 1. You can completely outline your blog posts Have you ever had a thought that you just knew would be a great post? On MindMeister you can create a node  of your map solely dedicated to that thought. For example, my main mind map is simply called Blog Topics. The name is written in the center of the map and my various blog topics  just branch out from there. On my blog I recently published a post  about the new app beme. Before I started writing the article itself, I created  a new  node  for beme  in my mind map and then mapped out  all the specific topics I wanted to cover in the  article. As you can see below,  I used simple keywords to outline and structure the entire article (note: some were edited out). 2. You can add start    due dates This can be super useful if you are doing a specific series on your blog. I usually set dates up so that they remind me when to  start individual  posts and when to draft/edit/publish them. This allows me to apply my mind map to my editorial calendar  and keep posts on a perfect  schedule. Of course, you can also do it for individual posts. Knowing exactly when to start an article and when to post it helps you create a deliberate schedule which leaves plenty of interim time to edit your heart out. 3. You can insert photos right into your map Lets say you want to write a  post about a trip you took and you have different sub-sections  that require lots of fun pictures. With MindMeister you can not only map out your entire vacation and highlight the parts you want to touch on  in the post, but you can also include all the pictures you want to use  in the map so you don’t forget any when it comes time to publish your post. To upload and attach images to your topics  you do need to have an upgraded account but it is a really useful feature  if you are photo-heavy on your blog! 4. It can really help you with your brainstorming sessions One thing I have learned is that if you dont brainstorm and get all of your thoughts out, you have the potential to miss something HUGE. That can be said for  a blog post, a thesis paper or even a simple email. I cant put enough emphasis on how crucial brainstorming is… So go brainstorm! By using MindMeister to do it, you can create a node for  your central thought and  then branch off from there to note down  all the related thoughts/keywords/links etc. that come to mind. The mind map format seems ideal for this kind of brain dump as it creates a natural  flow of ideas and lets you grow your outline organically. 5. You can share your mind maps with anybody Even If youre not a blogger, sharing your mind map with people is a great option. You can show others your thought process or outlines and get feedback through comments and votes. If your blog is run by multiple authors  you can share each others mind maps to work together on creating the best posts for your audience. In order to share a map you just need to go to the  bottom footer of the map  and click the Share Map button. You will then be allowed to enter e-mail addresses and can send your mind map on its way! To summarize If you want to keep your thought process as organized as possible and visually outline your blog posts, then using  MindMeister is probably a good choice for you. You can download its mobile apps for  free from the Google Play Store and Apples App Store, or access its web version online. It has definitely helped me with the organization of my blog and I hope it will  help you, too!

College Acceptance Rates, Class of 2016

College Admission Rates, Class of 2016 College admission at the nation’s most selective schools has become increasingly competitive. As another admissions cycle comes to an end, many colleges are reporting another rise in applications and another decrease in acceptance rates. According to the Department of Education, there are 3.2 million graduating seniors in the US this year and the number of international students in the US has increased by more than 20% since 2007. Below is a list of colleges including the number of students who applied to each school and the percentage of students who were accepted. We will continue to update this list as more information is released in the coming weeks. School Students Applied Acceptance Rate Barnard College 5,940 21% Boston University 43,979 45.5% Bowdoin College 6,716 16.1% Brown University 28,742 9.6% Bryn Mawr 2,600 41% Claremont McKenna College 5,056 12.4% Columbia University 31,851 7.4% Cornell University 37,812 16.2% Dartmouth College 23,110 9.4% Duke University 31,600 11.87% Emory University 17,502 26% George Washington University 21,700 32.7% Georgetown University 20,100 16% Harvard University 34,302 5.9% Johns Hopkins University 20,496 17.7% Middlebury College 8,849 16% MIT 18,109 8.9% Northwestern University 32,065 15% Pitzer University 4,227 15.7% Princeton University 26,664 7.86% Stanford University 36,631 6.6% Swarthmore College 6,589 14.1% Tufts University 16,379 21.2% University of Chicago 27,277 13.2% University of Notre Dame 16,952 22.7% University of Pennsylvania 31,216 12.3% University of Southern California 45,917 18.2% University of Virginia 28,274 27.4% Vanderbilt University 28,340 12.02% Washington University in St. Louis 28,826 15.4% Wesleyan University 10,503 19.7% Williams College 7,067 16.7% Yale University 28,974 6.82% Unfortunately, despite an increase in applications, many colleges are not expanding their freshmen class size. So while some students are celebrating an acceptance or feeling disappointed about a denial, others have been waitlisted. As more students apply to more schools, it has become increasingly difficult for schools to predict how many students will ultimately enroll and by utilizing a waitlist, schools have more control over the size of the freshmen class. This year, Yale University waitlisted 1,001 students, Princeton University waitlisted 1,472 students, and Stanford University waitlisted 789 students. Often a waitlisted applicant will be considered after the rest of the Regular Decision applicants have responded. Read our team's tips for getting admitted off of a waitlist. We also offer a service called an Application Review: one of our expert counselors, many of whom are former admissions officers at schools like Yale University, Brown University, and Georgetown University, will review your application and provide feedback on the aspects of the application that may have led to a deferral or waitlist decision, and provide suggestions for moving forward.

Cosmetic Surgery Covered By Insurances - 1866 Words

Cosmetic Surgery covered by Insurances? What is cosmetic surgery? Cosmetic Surgery is a way to refine the body in the way a woman wishes. Body refinement can be done to any woman and/or man under certain circumstances. Many women and men choose to go thru this method based on their self esteem and not liking the way a certain part of their body is, however many people believe they don’t have another option so the only method they believe will work is going thru this method. A second cause of undergoing this method would be due to reconstructive surgery. A large number of people may have gone thru an accident which might have left a body part deformed or caught a skin disease. To continue there is as well as many as many babies born with a certain disorders or abnormalities which require what is known as reconstructive surgery. Cosmetic surgery was first used as far back as 4,000 years ago for facial injuries or so it is according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. In around the 1900’s cosmetic surgery was mostly used for reconstructive procedures for Soldiers who needed reconstruction after fighting in World War I as well as World War II being that most soldiers wanted to look the same as before they even went to war. After the 1950’s cosmetic surgery started becoming more known due to the value that it had from its soldier and it was not only used for reconstructive but it started being used for achieving a more better appearance. By the 2000’s cosmeticShow MoreRelatedPlastic Surgery Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesPlastic Surgery and Its Types Surgical specialties are known as an important part of medicine. There are many surgical specialties, and every specialty focuses on a specific system of the body. One of these specialties is plastic surgery. Plastic surgery is one of the most important specialties that focuses in appearance improvement, and it has two separate types which have some similarities in master programs, concepts, and procedures. 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As the adolescents body grows, body parts that seem to large or too small can become proportionate (Izenberg, 2004).Read MoreInformative Speech : Plastic Surgery819 Words   |  4 PagesTopic: Plastic Surgery Specific purpose: Allowing people to know the pros and cons of plastic surgery. Thesis: The cosmetic, issues, and beauty. We need to understand every possible outcome while considering plastic surgery. Introduction I. Attention-getter: Modern plastic surgeons can alter almost any aspect of physical appearance, from facial features to body shape. II. Credibility statement: According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 14.6 million plastic surgery procedures wereRead MoreCandian Health Care1047 Words   |  5 Pagesreceive. The primary source is known as provincial health insurance, this is the insurance provided by the Canadian government. Each province/territory has their own form of provincial health insurance. Every resident is eligible for this form of insurance, however they must apply for it. There is a waiting period before granted coverage, although wait times vary it cannot exceed three months. (Canadian Health Care, 2004) This form of insurance does not cover all health care needs. It does in fact coverRead MoreBenefits of Plastic Surgery1027 Words   |  5 Pagesdefied and now surgeries are made available to everyone. Those who would want to fix something in their body would have little to no problem at all. Surgeries are often desired to make someone look and feel more beautiful but it can also be used for medical purposes. Some people may say that it is best to be contented with what was bestowed upon you but it is also not wrong to rely on technology to improve what was given to you. There are a lot of advantages of plastic surgery but mainly thisRead MoreWhy Cosmetic Surgery Should Be Limited1299 Words   |  6 Pagesto be Beautiful Is life or image more valuable? In 2012, 14.6 million cosmetic plastic surgery procedures, including both minimally-invasive and surgical, were performed in the United States (14.6 Million Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Procedures Performed in 2012). There are people who lose their lives each and every day just because they are not happy with the way they look. Patients who desire a change in appearance go to a cosmetic surgeon where countless numbers of mishaps could happen and do happen

The Use Of Confinement And Its Effects On Society Essay

1. The purposes of confinement were to provide our judicial system with a less stiff penalty than imprisonment. In the past, offenders were punished for their criminal roles within the community and sometimes they were confined or held against their will as a source of punishment. Their criminal involvement would not be heard nor were they given the pleasure of having a day in any courtroom setting. Therefore, these individuals were initially guilty without being criminally charged with a criminal act or due process of the law. Therefore, the nature of the crimes seemed extreme, excessive or unbearable to witness at times. Nevertheless, the primary purpose of confinement was to supply the offender with a means to restore their dignity in the public’s eyesight. In most cases, these criminals or offenders were threatened for their inadequacy to comply with the laws of the regulations within their society. Tese allegations were made they were publically humiliated or even forced to pay fees for their corruptive behavior. These strategies or as methods, which appeared as such harsh punishment, which is similar to the slavery mentality. I say this because these offenders got whipped for not abiding by these set guidelines. They were even encouraged by the same public officials to make changes to their religious practices, the ability to sell their assets, and enforce that they serve in community service programs that required them to work for free actively. Currently, theseShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Ethical Issues Of Solitary Confinement?1526 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the Ethical Issues of Solitary Confinement? What are ethics? Why is it important? Ethics can be defined as â€Å"the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation; or â€Å"a set of moral principles (Merriam-Webster, 2017)†. The reason ethics is important is because it gives us a basic understanding the difference between concepts and situations that are considered right or wrong. We as humans have learned a set of values and beliefs that tell us what is consideredRead MoreSolitary Confinement Units1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe Pennsylvania system constructed in the early 1800s inspired solitary confinement by using extreme isolation to deter future crime. In the twentieth century, inmates in solitary confinement would stay for short periods. According to Craig, people would stay in secure housing units for a couple of days or weeks (Weir, 54). Nowadays solitary confinement has become very popular. Inmates are being sent to solitary confinement for indefinite periods of time rang ing from weeks to years. An Urban InstituteRead MoreSolitary Confinement Effect On Prisoners1162 Words   |  5 PagesSolitary Confinement Effect on Prisoners Ashlee Chavez California State University Bakersfield Abstract This paper will include a review of different prison systems that have occurred in America, and how the Pennsylvania and New York or Auburn model have helped facilitate the use of solitary confinement. To establish the negative effects solitary confinement has on humans, this paper will provide reasons it is used, how it is used, and review conditions of solitary confinement. It is widelyRead MoreDrawbacks of Solitary Confinement1716 Words   |  7 PagesNot too many people know what Solitary confinement is or what it can do to a human being. Solitary confinement is a special form of imprisonment. The prisoner is confined in a small windowless unit completely isolated from any human contact. It is a form of punishment for behavior modification beyond incarceration for a prisoner and is used as an additional measure of protection from the inmate. The issue of solitary confinement is extremely controversial and is a complicated subject to decide onRead MoreEthical Concerns Of Solitary Confinement1482 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Concerns of Solitary Confinement The Basis for a Flawed System: Solitary confinement is a more secure area within a prison. It is intended to be a place where inmates go when they violate prison rules or laws. This is only one of the three possible uses for confinement. Confinement is also used to house mentally ill patients as well as pretrial individuals. Solitary confinement is no longer necessary for society today due to the fact that the negative effects of being placed in solitude outweighRead MoreEvils Of Solitary Confinement : A Critical Effect On Human Body And Their Psyche1004 Words   |  5 PagesOlivier Benoit Mr.Flood College Writing 12 December 2016 Evils of Solitary Solitary confinement has a critical effect on the human body and their psyche; it also shows a lack of reform. Solitary confinement is when a prisoner has little to no time with interactions of other humans for an amount of time that may range from a couple of hours to several decades. When someone undergoes solitary confinement they are kept away from any type of social interactions. Psychologist note that as humansRead MoreSolitary Confinement : A Cruel And Unusual Punishment1324 Words   |  6 PagesSolitary Confinement: A Cruel and Unusual Punishment What if something that is supposed to be keeping society safe is actually doing more harm than good? As it turns out, that might be the case with the solitary confinement of prisoners. For multiple days at a time prisoners are locked into a lonely cell as small as a bathroom stall, going days without any human contact or communication. While solitary confinement is expensive to taxpayers, it is costing even more in social terms, as it can debilitateRead MoreSocial Welfare Policy Reading Essay : Solitary Confinement Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Welfare Policy Reading Essay: Solitary Confinement RaeLynn Barott Minnesota State University, Mankato September 26th, 2016 There have been various studies conducted over the past few decades that show the devastating consequences of the use of solitary confinement in prisons. Studies show that the method of solitary confinement has the potential to lead to severe psychological effects on prison inmates. To address the consequences of solitary confinement in the U.S. federal prison system, PresidentRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper: Male Oppression of Women in Society1313 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in Society Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper is a commentary on the male oppression of women in a patriarchal society. However, the story itself presents an interesting look at one womans struggle to deal with both physical and mental confinement. This theme is particularly thought-provoking when read in todays context where individual freedom is one of our most cherished rights. This analysis will focus on two primary issues: 1) the many vivid images Gilman uses to illustrateRead MoreAre Prisons Obsolete By Angela Davis Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesthe importance of racial disparities occurring during that specific time-period. Davis states â€Å"If the individual was not perceived as possessing inalienable rights and liberties, then the alienation of those rights and liberties by removal from society to a space tyrannically governed by the state would not have made sense.† (Davis 2003: 44). African Americans can be viewed as one of the greatest racially discriminated groups of people since the beginning of slavery. Many viewed slaves as unintelligent

Group Counseling Reflection - 1746 Words

There are many times in life when an individual might need the help of a counselor to resolve different types of issues such as personal, social or even psychological issues. Now days counseling is something very common that is offered by a professional counselor in different types of setting. When we talk about counseling some individuals might think of having a one to one session with a counselor. However, the reality is that even though one to one sessions are very common, there is also group counseling which is â€Å"an excellent treatment choice for numerous intrapersonal and interpersonal issues and for helping people change†¦Most of these groups are not unstructured personal-growth groups but are short-term groups for specific client†¦show more content†¦However, even though I raised my hand the session ended the minute that I raised my hand and unfortunately I wasn’t able to share what I wanted to say. The reason why I wanted to share something was becau se I felt the pressure seeing that everyone had spoken and I was the only one who didn’t share anything. During the first group session everyone had something to say about â€Å"relationship breakup† and everyone had something in common. However, I didn’t feel like I had something to say because a day before this group counseling session started, I was just coming back from a trip where my husband and I were just celebrating our first anniversary trip and I didn’t felt like it was appropriate to talk about how happy I was from celebrating my first anniversary while everyone was talking about their breakup relationships. Other reason why I didn’t felt like sharing anything is because even though we are all in the same class, and I know it’s a safe environment and that everything is confidential, I have always been told by my parents not to share what is going on in our personal life with others (especially someone that I don’t know). A nd I didn’t feel comfortable talking about my personal life with my classmates. However, when the second counseling session started I was very happy to see that the co-facilitator started the session by reminding me and the group members that she noticed that on the previous session I raised my hand to share somethingShow MoreRelatedReflection And Reflection Of Group Counseling916 Words   |  4 PagesReflection of Group Counseling As I began the Group Process and Dynamics course, I was excited to become educated and experienced with group counseling. Group counseling is a topic I have enjoyed in the past and have continued to be fascinated by. I have learned the elements of a group process through observation and research. The group process consists of several elements that come together when the group begins and ends when the group is terminated. I have observed group norms, group cohesionRead MoreGroup Counseling Reflection Paper4779 Words   |  20 PagesStudies in Counseling Reflection CPY 540 Paladino: Advanced Theory and Practice of Group Counseling As I reflect upon my experience as a group leader in this class, I learned that therapeutic factors can be group driven or facilitated by the group leader. Cohesion stood as a vital aspect of an effective group, and I realized that as a group leader I needed not only to facilitate the group but to remain as a vital part of the group to assure cohesion. By subsisting as an effective group leader, IRead MoreReflection Of Group Counseling Process And Mental Health Group Activities829 Words   |  4 PagesA Reflection of Group Counseling Process and Mental Health Group Activities One might say the best teachers are the ones who go over and beyond the call of duty to assist their children. This idea could especially be proven true given the factors that are affecting the social and academic capabilities of the students we teach on a daily basis. One emerging, yet commonly overlooked factor is mental health. Mental health is one of those issues seen to be taboo in schools but is becoming a widespreadRead MoreGroup Counseling With South Asian Immigrant High School Girls : Reflection And Commentary Of A Group Facilitator1854 Words   |  8 PagesThe article, â€Å"Group counseling with South Asian immigrant high school girls: Reflection and commentary of a group facilitator,† focused on integrating South Asian girls into a new school in a new country through group counseling. The first author was South Asian herself, therefore, she felt that she was competent to work with these students. She explained that the South Asian people are collectivist therefo re; a group setting would match the student’s cultural norms and values. The authors beginRead MoreCounselling Reflection1203 Words   |  5 PagesRUNNING HEAD: Reflection on counseling 1 Reflection on counseling session recording Chua Ci Jie Introduction to Counselling James Cook University, Singapore Reflection on counseling Reflection on counseling Counseling is interpreted as a therapeutic practice of utilizing dialogue to assist clients in better understand and coping with their individual problems or health issues (Counseling, 2003). The individuality of the counselor has been extensively regarded as a vital tool in the provisionRead MoreTheory Of Group Counseling Paper1438 Words   |  6 Pages Theory of Group Counseling Paper Alex Dossett CHRD 766; Group Counseling South Dakota State University Describe how your experience of the leading, participating in, or observing groups have informed or influenced you regarding your own group leadership skills, leadership style, and perception about groups; Describe your perspectives about the functions of a therapeutic group in assisting client changes; Discuss the elements or factors contributing to the development of the group, and changesRead MoreJournal Articles Summary: Group Psychotherapy1118 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: JOURNAL ARTICLES SUMMARY Journal Articles Summary: Group Psychotherapy Self-disclosure in Psychotherapy Supervisors: Gender Differences This journal article discusses the issue of self-disclosure in psychotherapy, which is greatly affected by the gender differences. The relationship between the supervisors and the trainees is very much dependent upon the relation of the two. Sometimes they become so familiar with each other that they get involve in sexual relationships, which isRead MoreThe Definition Of Multicultural Competence873 Words   |  4 PagesThe definition of multicultural competence means in part to approach the counseling process from the context of the personal culture of the client (Sue, Arrendondo McDavis, 1994; Sue Sue, 2007). Professional ethics compel counselors to ensure that their cultural values and biases do not override those of the client (ACA, 2005). The presenters shared personal examples of their individual cultures and how these impacted their personal and professional lives, including their professional self-awarenessRead MoreAlcoholics Anonymous : A History, Its Implications And The Meeting1531 Words   |  7 PagesSupport groups, how well do support groups actually benefit individuals and how are these support groups incorporated so that the techniques can actually assist someone? In researching this particular topic of Alcoholic Anonymous the results indicated that there is a diversity of AA groups. Although they all have the same objective there are variations in methods and techniques which are implemented to be able to infiltrate the message to the individual. An example of such, is an offered AA group namedRead MoreExploring Strategies for Teaching Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept and skill that I would instruct would be counseling theories. Counseling theories are knowledge and skills that enhances the counselor to facilitate solutions for their clients’ problems and help them to exercise better behavior in their environment. Moreover, they can be connected to each other and give the counselor more of a variety of techniques that they could use to better assist the client in solving his or her problems. If counseling theories are understood and applied appropriately

How Does Media Affects a Childs Development - 3153 Words

RUNNING HEAD: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF MEDIA ON CHILDREN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF MEDIA ON CHILDREN Maureen Guillaume Saint Francis College Author’s Note Maureen Guillaume, Department of Psychology, Saint Francis College Correspondence concerning this sample paper should be addressed to Maureen Guillaume Department of Psychology, Saint Francis College 180 Remsen St. Brooklyn Heights, NY 11201 E-mail: mguillaume@sfc.edu The media affects the lives of children daily. Children imitate things whether they are positive or negative because of the fact that they are not aware of the consequences. Parents need to be more attentive in their child’s life. They need to pay attention to what their child is either watching or listening to.†¦show more content†¦Television programming that was produced by the Children’s Television Workshop was inventive and also became a model for other television shows that was both a positive aspect in the media and in school. These programs provided and helped the developmental skills of children in order to prepare them to enter school. Progressions happened between the 1980s and 1990s in the field of computer technology. With this increase, more computer access would be able to children in school and home. With an easier access to media for children increased the media influence. During this same progression period, media went under a huge transformation. This transformation resulted in the increase of sexual innuendo and themes and violent behavior. This revolution of media was apparent in movies, music lyrics, video games, cartoons, magazines and television. Renee Hobbs Author of â€Å"Media Literacy in the Classroom. Stated Just because our students can use media and technology doesnt mean they are effective at critically analyzing and evaluating the messages they receive. Students need a set of skills to ask important questions about what they watch, see, listen to and read. Often called media literacy, these skills include the ability to critically analyze media messages and the ability to use different kinds of communication technologies for self-expression and communication. Meaning a child who is uninformed or uneducated in analyzing media isShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Technology On Children s Development Negatively1667 Words   |  7 PagesIt is a beautiful summer afternoon, children are walking to the park and instead of talking and skipping with their friends, the children’s heads are looking down at their phones unconscious of the world surrounding them. Technology developments have doubled every year, and it will continue to advance in the future. Moore’s Law states that every twelve to eighteen months, computers double their abilities. When graphing exponential growth, the graph eventually reaches a point where growth seems almostRead MoreGame over: the Effects of Violent Video Games on Children Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican child plays a video games (Anderson 354), and with technology advancing and games becoming more graphic, the concern over a violent game’s effect over a child’s development is growing. Wha t does playing video games for seven hours do to a child’s development? Violent, role-playing video games adversely affects a child’s development and causes aggression in children and adolescents; these games desensitize players, reward hurt and destruction, and glorify dangerous weapons. For some clarificationRead MoreEffects of Violent Media on the Youth Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesmovies, video games, and media. With school shootings like Sandy Hook, Virginia Tech, and Columbine, many psychologists have asked the question ‘is elevated violence rates in media and the greater access to firearms and explosives one of the reasons why these tragedies happened?’ But, most importantly, how does this violence whether in media or the real world affect the children involved? Is the violence in media correlated to etiology of violent behavior in the child’s later life? In this paperRead MoreThe Abuse Of Drugs And Alcohol1365 Words   |  6 Pagespast decades. The media paints the picture that alcohol and drug use is fun and the only way to have a good time. While alcohol in moderation is fine, many people find themselves going over board and abusing it. Elicit drugs like cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and have several adverse effects. People find themselves depressed and anxious so they ultimately try to use these drugs to mask the pain instead of getting help for their problems. This reoccurring cycle affects the family systemRead MoreGender Socialization Of Children : Gendered Toys, Media, And Parental Affects Child Development1289 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence how one interacts with another. This is especially important when taking into consideration the effects that gender socialization of children through gendered toys, media, and parental affects child development. Introduction Once a child is born, he or she learns to view the world based on the behaviors of others. The child’s primary caregivers, usually the parents, and others present in the child’s environment, such as siblings, peers, teachers, and even the media, contributeRead MoreTechnology And Its Detrimental Effect On Children1123 Words   |  5 PagesLuke Stafford En 102 Essay 4 6/22/2015 Technology is a large part of everyday life in the 21st century, and the effects of its power over our culture are clearly visible in multiple ways. For example, social media is the most popular form of communication and using the internet and computers seems second nature to us, especially in the form of entertainment. Many children today have never known a time when they didn’t have access to the internet, a television, or a cell phone. Everything is accessibleRead MoreThe Development Of A Child899 Words   |  4 Pagescontinue to improve today. As one observes the development of a child, he or she may discover that there are many factors that influence this development. For years, researchers have studied the process of learning and how it takes place. Many discoveries have been made on this topic, and they continue to come. Scientists have located methods that can both improve and harm an individual’s education. Findings like these cause many to wonder how small differences in educational types can produceRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Children Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavior and become violent individuals is actually a common misconception that many parents hold to be true. In fact, there have been studies that have shown the benefits of youth playing these violent video games and how it positively affects their mental skills and brain development. Parents from not only from the United States, but also from around the world in general do not want their teenagers playing violent video games. In the parents point of view, this genre of video game seems disgustingRead More Child Abuse and Neglect Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pagesoften believe a problem is significant, or even real, unless those who say so can provide impressive surrounding statistics. The media often insists on such statistics for their stories, even if no good ones exist. 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National Livestock Development Policy Free Essays

string(94) " key policy issues for each of these critical areas are outlined in the following section: 4\." NATIONAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT POLICY 1. Introduction Livestock plays an important role in the national economy of Bangladesh with a direct contribution of 2. 95% percent to the agricultural GDP (Bangladesh Economic Review, 2006) and providing 15 percent of total employment in the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on National Livestock Development Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The livestock sub-sector that includes poultry offers important employment and livelihood opportunities particularly for the rural poor, including the functionally landless, many of whom regard livestock as a main livelihood option. About 75 percent people rely on livestock to some extent for their livelihood, which clearly indicates that the poverty reduction potential of the livestock sub-sector is high. According to Bangladesh Economic Review, (2006), the growth rate in GDP in 2004-05 for livestock was the highest of any sub-sector at 7. 23%, compared to 0. 15% for crops, and 3. 65% for fisheries sub-sector. These changes have been prompted by a rapid growth in demand for livestock products due to increase in income, rising population, and urban growth. It is an established fact that high quality animal protein in the form of milk, meat and eggs is extremely important for the proper physical and mental growth of a human being. In Bangladesh, around 8% of total protein for human consumption comes from livestock (BBS, 2000). Hides and skin of cattle, buffaloes, goats and sheep is a valuable export item, ranked third in earnings after RMG and shrimp. Surprisingly, Bangladesh has one of the highest cattle densities: 145 large ruminants/km2 compared with 90 for India, 30 for Ethiopia, and 20 for Brazil. But most of them trace their origin to a poor genetic base. The average weight of local cattle ranges from 125 to 150 kg for cows and from 200 to 250 kg for bulls that falls 25-35% short of the average weight of all-purpose cattle in India (â€Å"Agriculture for 21st Century in Bangladesh† by Z. Karim, 1997). Milk yields are extremely low: 200-250 litre during a 10-month lactation period in contrast to 800 litre for Pakistan, 500 litre for India, and 700 litre for all Asia. Despite highest cattle densities in Bangladesh, the current production of milk, meat and eggs are inadequate to meet the current requirement and the deficits are 85. , 77. 4 and 73. 1% respectively (DLS, 2000). If 5% GDP growth rate is considered then the current production of these commodities need to be increased 2. 5 to 3. 0 times by the year 2020 to feed the growing population in the country. This illustrates how urgent is the need to increase the production of milk, meat and eggs. The PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper) stresses the importance of the livest ock sub-sector in sustaining the acceleration of poverty reduction in the country. The dynamic potential of this emerging sub-sector thus requires critical policy attention. In the past, due importance was not given to the development of the livestock sub-sector despite its significant contribution to the national economy. In the Financial Year 2006-07 the livestock sub-sector received only about 1. 0 percent of the total budget allocation, or only about 3. 5 percent of the agricultural sector budget. Though production of animal protein has maintained an upward trend, daily per capita availability of animal protein presently stands at around 21 gm meat, 43 ml milk and 41 eggs vis-a-vis the recommended intakes of 120 gm meat, 250 ml milk and 104 eggs. Shortage of quality inputs, inadequate services and physical infrastructure, institutional weaknesses in terms of weak regulatory framework and enforcement, limited skilled manpower and resources, and inadequate research and technological advancement are all continuing to act as constraints to livestock development. The growth opportunities in the livestock sub-sector vary significantly among the species. Qualitative rather than quantitative development of large ruminants (cattle and buffalo), a parallel increase of the productivity and population size of the small ruminants (goat and sheep), and poultry keeping emerges as promising to offer substantial growth potentials with a positive impact on nutrition, employment and poverty alleviation. Research and technological development merit priority to counteract allied problems in the fields of feed, breed and disease and meet the challenge of the country’s livestock sector in the 21st century National Livestock Development Policy has been prepared to address the key hallenges and opportunity for a comprehensive sustainable development of the Livestock sub-sector through creating an enabling policy framework. 2. Objectives of the National Livestock Development Policy The general objective of the National Livestock Development Policy: To provide the enabling environment, opening up opportunities, and reducing risks and vulnerabilit y for harnessing the full potential of livestock sub-sector to accelerate economic growth for reduction of rural poverty in which the private sector will remain the main actor, while the public sector will playa facilitating and supportive role. The specific objectives of the National Livestock Development Policy: 1. To promote sustainable improvements in productivity of milk, meat and egg production including processing and value addition; 2. To promote sustained improvements in income, nutrition, and employment for the landless, small and marginal farmers; and 3. To facilitate increased private sector participation and investments in livestock production, livestock services, market development and export of livestock products and by-products. 3. Legal Status of the National Livestock Development Policy All the government and autonomous organizations, multi-national institutions, NGOs, CBOs (community based organizations), and persons who are working within the geographical territory of Bangladesh for the management, development and conservation of Livestock resources, import-export or other business related to the livestock sub-sector will be under the preview of National livestock Development Policy. 4. Scope of the National Livestock Development Policy The following ten critical areas have been identified for formulating the National livestock Development policy: i. Dairy Development and Meat Production: ii. Poultry Development; iii. Veterinary Services and Animal Health; iv. Feeds and Animal Management; v. Breeds Development; vi. Hides and Skins; vii. Marketing of Livestock Products; viii. International Trade Management ix. Access to Credit and Insurance; and x. Institutional Development for Research and Extension The key policy issues for each of these critical areas are outlined in the following section: 4. You read "National Livestock Development Policy" in category "Essay examples" 1Dairy Development and Meat Production Dairy Development The opportunity for development of large-scale dairy is limited in Bangladesh due to scarcity of land. However, the potential for development of smallholder dairy is high. Over the last few years, small-scale dairy farming has increased significantly with the support of credit, feed, veterinary services and provision of self-insurance systems. Small-scale dairy farming provides employment for the poorer segments of the population. The availability of this form of traditional self-employment to rural dwellers, not least women, is important where there is scarcity of alternative income generating opportunities. Smallholder dairy thus widens the scope for the poor with limited access to land to enhance their income. Dairy animals can playa crucial role in household food security, through improved income and nutritional of the low-income groups. Daily farming in Bangladesh is affected by myriads of constraints such as: (i) limited knowledge and technical skills of smallholder dairy farmers; (ii) scarcity of feeds and fodder; (iii) poor quality of feeds; (iv) frequent occurrence of diseases; (v) limited coverage of veterinary services including poor diagnostic facilities; (vi) lack of credit support; (vii) limited milk collection and processing facilities and low prices at collection points; (viii) lack of insurance coverage; (ix) absence of market nformation; (x) lack of appropriate breeds; and (xi) absence of a regulatory body. Policy framework for dairy development is: 1. Cooperative dairy development (Milk Vita model) would be expanded in potential areas allover the country; 2. Successful pro-poor models for community-based smallholder dairy development including appropriate contact farming sc hemes would be replicated; 3. Smallholder dairy farming, integrated with crop and fish culture would be promoted; 4. Supply chain based production, processing and marketing of milk and milk products would be promoted; . A National Dairy Development Board would be established as a regulatory body to promote dairy development; 6. â€Å"National Dairy Research Institute† would be established to carryout research in various aspects of dairying. Meat Production Around 3. 5 million cattle are slaughtered annually in the country of which 40 percent are imported through cross-border trade. Around 15 million goats are slaughtered annually mostly of local origin. Of the total slaughter of cattle and goats, around 40 percent is performed during Eid-ul-Azha. Increased demand for quality meat, beef fattening has become an important income generating activity for small fanners, and a potentially important tool for reducing poverty. Beef fattening is considered to have high income generating potential, but faces constraints such as lack of appropriate breeds, knowledge gaps of farmers, lack of proper veterinary services and quality feeds. Most meat is handled under unsatisfactory sanitary conditions in both rural and urban areas. Enforcement of legislation relating to slaughtering or meat inspection is weak. There is generally poor pre-slaughter conditions, sanitation, removal of waste materials, and disposal of offal. The Black Bengal goat is a highly prolific local breed, resistant to many diseases and can be easily raised under most environments on low quality feed and with little investments. Rearing of Black Bengal goat is an appropriate option for many subsistence farmers. Its demand is growing in both domestic meat markets and internationally for its skins and high quality leather goods. Policy framework for meat production: 1. Animal Slaughter Act, Animal Feed Act and Animal Disease Act would be approved and enforced in order to promote hygienic production of quality meat; 2. Butchers would be trained on scientific methods of slaughtering, meat processing and preservation techniques; 3. Development of beef breeds for increased productivity at farm level; 4. Development of backward and forward linkage system to help improvement of existing cattle fattening system into private enterprises; 5. Private sector would be encouraged to establish mechanized slaughter houses with Static Flaying Frame in Divisional cities; and Local Government would be encouraged to establish slaughter slabs in municipality and Upazila headquarters; 6. Production of Black Bengal Goats would be promoted by ensuring disease prevention, availability of quality bucks and semen for artificial insemination, and knowledge transfer through special projects; 7. Buffalo and sheep farming would be developed in selected high potential areas through special projects. 4. Poultry Development The backyard poultry units require minimum inputs and are often part of integrated crop- aquaculture-livestock farming systems. Their level of production is relatively low but profitability can be high due to low inputs costs and recycling of on-farm by-products. Commercial production systems use birds of improved genetic stock and reared under semi- intensive or intensive management. There are currently an estimated 120,000 commercial poultry farms in Bangladesh, supported by 04 Grand Parent Farms and 69 Parent Stock Farms. While the growth of the poultry industry has contributed to economic growth and income of commercial farmers, indiscriminate and unplanned growth of breeder farms and commercial poultry farms, particularly in and around cities and towns is creating environmental hazards. There are at present no guidelines for environmental protection and bio-security when establishing poultry farms. The use of antibiotics in feeds is thought to be common and a cause of public health concern. The constraints facing the sector in general include: (i) lack of infrastructure beyond the Upazila Head Quarters for providing services to poultry farmers; (ii) shortage of skilled manpower; (iii) shortage of quality chicks and breeding materials; (iv) shortage of poultry , feed/feed ingredients and high prices; (v) poor quality of inputs; (vi) lack of quality control facilities for medicine, vaccines and biological products, feed and feed ingredients, chicks, eggs and birds; (vii) drug and vaccine residues in poultry meat; (viii) shortage of vaccines; (ix) lack of organized marketing systems; (x) poor provision of veterinary services; and (xi) insufficient credit and capital especially for the poor. The possible threat of Avian Influenza exacerbates some of these concerns and shortcomings and would require additional measures to be taken. Policy framework or Poultry Development: 1. Successful pro-poor models would be replicated for semi-scavenging poultry development; 2. Formation of poultry smallholder groups, CBOs, and producers associations would be facilitated; 3. Quality control of poultry feeds and feed ingredients would be ensured through establishment of a legal body and enforcement of regulations; 4. Production and consumption of safe (antibiotic residue free) including organic meat and eggs would be promoted; 5. Criteria and guidelines would be established to ensure supply of quality day-old chicks; 6. Specific guidelines would be developed and enforced for establishing environment-friendly commercial poultry farms; Small commercial farms would be converted into profit oriented large farms following cooperative system. 7. Poultry farms of the DLS would be utilized as breeding and multiplication farms / centres for smallholder training, technology testing and demonstration etc 8. Smallholder production and marketing of ducks and minor poultry species (e. g. Quail, Goose, Pigeon, Guinea fowl) in selected areas would be promoted; 9. National Reference Laboratory for detection of Avian Influenza virus and other emerging diseases would be established; and 10. National Avian Flu Preparedness Plan would be implemented. 4. 3Veterinary Services and Animal Health Inadequate veterinary services are one of the major obstacles for livestock development in Bangladesh. The ratio of Veterinary Surgeons to farm animals and birds was estimated at I: 1. 7 million in 1995, and according to a 2003 estimate only 5-10 percent of farm animals receive routine vaccination. Private sector investment in the animal health sector remains low and is only expanding slowly. The quality and quantity of vaccines produced and delivered by the DLS are inadequate. The use of subsidies in vaccine production in present form is a possible deterrent to private investors. There is no. Independent authority to check the quality of domestically produced or imported vaccines. Vaccination is done in a haphazard manner without any strategic plan for controlling the targeted diseases. There are no provisions for movement control and quarantine during disease outbreak or epidemics. No registration is required for feed additives such as toxins binder, antibiotics, and vitamin- mineral premixes, animal protein, many of which are potentially detrimental to human health. Most of the drugs traders and shop keepers have no formal training on drug handling, transportation, storing and dispensing, and readily sell drugs such as antibiotics, hormones, and sedatives across the counter without prescription. Disease diagnostic facilities are limited. The DVH (District Veterinary Hospitals), Regional FDIL (Field Diseases Investigation Laboratories), and the CDIL (Central Disease Investigation Laboratory of DLS are responsible for providing diagnostic services. However, due to shortage of skilled manpower and non-availability of funds they cannot provide the intended services. There IS no provision for residue analysis of drugs, heavy metals, hormones, pesticides and toxins in foods of animal origin. There are only few local veterinarians trained in clinical pathology to diagnose diseases properly. The disease surveillance system is almost non-existent. ‘The Veterinary Public Health Unit in the DLS has the mandate to perform diagnosis, surveillance and control of zoonotic diseases, ensure food safety of animal origin, and liaison with the Health Department. The Unit is however, suffering from serious shortages of human capital, funding and laboratory facilities. It has no legal framework to implement its mandate. Coordination between animal and human health bodies is virtually non-existent. Veterinary research is similarly constrained due to shortages of staff and funds. Very limited fund is available for veterinary research. There are important areas of public goods services like veterinary epidemiology, veterinary public health, food safety and diagnostic techniques within which research needs to be expanded urgently. The Animal Quarantine Act was recently passed by the Parliament, but quarantine stations, manpower and funds to enforce the Act are not in place yet. Laws and Regulations are essential for high quality service delivery and quality assurance of products for trade. Some laws and regulations are in place but overall regulatory framework and implementation remain very weak. Policy framework for Veterinary Services and Animal Health: 1. Soft loans would be provided to accelerate the development of private veterinary services; 2. Community-based veterinary service would be developed through special projects; 3. An autonomous Quality Control Agency would be established to ensure quality of veterinary drugs, vaccines, feeds, feed ingredients and breeding tools and materials; 4. A licensing system for veterinary pharmacists and a quality monitoring system of veterinary services would be introduced; 5. Veterinary research would be strengthened in critical areas, particularly those related to provision of public goods and services; 6. Veterinary public health services would be strengthened and closer linkages with the Department of Health would be established; 7. Capacities of disease investigation network of DLS would be strengthened for disease surveillance, quarantine services and emergency planning to manage major disease outbreaks including Avian Influenza and other emerging diseases; 8. Specific strategy would be developed for controlling economically important trans-boundary animal diseases; 9. Veterinary Council would be strengthened to help ensure quality veterinary services; 10. â€Å"National Livestock Health Disaster Committee† would be formed including all trade organizations to combat such crisis; 11. A separate â€Å"Veterinary Cell† would be established in Department of Drug Administration for facilitating decision making on veterinary drug registration and approval in Bangladesh. Animal Health Companies Association and related trade association would be included in the committee to represent the private sector. 12. Promote and encourage private sector to set-up compliant veterinary diagnostic center, clinics and hospitals to cater the needs of the farmers and other beneficiaries. 4. 4Feeds and Animal Management The acute shol1age of feeds and fodder is one of the single most impOJ1ant obstacles to livestock development in Bangladesh. The main constraints for feeds and feed management include: (i) shortage of feeds and fodder; (ii) scarcity of land for fodder production; (iii) seasonal fluctuations of feeds and fodder; (iv) low quality feed; (v) high feed prices; and (vi) poor husbandry practices. Feed resources for large livestock are primarily derived from crop residues and cereal by- products as well as grasses, tree leaves and aquatic plants. Very little grain is available for animals. Feed concentrates contribute only a small portion of the feed. Feed resources for scavenging rural poultry comprise scattered grains from threshing floors, left over grains, pulses, broken rice, kitchen wastes, green grasses, insects, worms, left over boiled rice, etc. Because of increasing demand for human food land is intensively used for cereal production. Neither sufficient grazing land, nor spare land is available for growing fodder. This has resulted in shortages of quality forage for ruminant livestock, causing stunted growth, reproduction problems, reduced lactation, working inability, lower growth rates, and reduced productivity. Most of the dairy and poultry farmers are facing the problem of adulterated and inferior quality of commercial feeds and feed ingredients. Feed labeling and control is inadequate. Most feed millers do not disclose the necessary information on the packaging with regards to feed composition, ingredients, date of manufacturing, date of expiry, storage guidelines, energy levels, and protein and vitamin contents. Feed millers are widely suspected of minimizing feed production costs either by use of inferior quality ingredients and/or inclusion of lower proportions of high value ingredients. Poor packaging materials contribute to reduced quality and shelf life. Policy framework for Feeds and Animal Management: 1. Feed and fodder development strategy would be developed for community- based fodder cultivation along roads and highways, rivers and embankments, in Khas lands, and in combinations with crops; 2. Necessary support would be provided to the private sector for utilization and promotion of crop residues, agro-industrial by-products and unconventional feed resources as animal feed; 3. An Animal Feed Act would be approved and implemented to ensure feed quality; and 4. Resources would be provided for training of dairy farmers on improved animal management and husbandry practices. 5. Organizational support system development for coordination of support services for smallholder dairy development in private sector; . Private sector support system development for strengthening manufacturing and marketing of feed and feed additives; 7. Human resource development. 4. 5Breeds Development Livestock development through the application of science-led methods of breeds and breeding in Bangladesh is st ill at a rudimentary stage. There is however enthusiasm for applying breeds and breeding interventions to enhance livestock performance. Lack of a national breeding policy, use of inappropriate breeds, weak infrastructure (human capacity, national service delivery, breeding farms), and limited technical knowledge has constrained the development of improved breeds. Available high yielding seed materials (in cattle and chicken industry) are mostly exotic and imported. However, not all of these imported exotic species adapt well under Bangladesh climatic conditions. There are a number of promising well-adapted native livestock breeds in the country (e. g. Red Chittagong cattle, Black Bengal goat, Bengal sheep, Naked Neck chicken etc), which could be developed into high yielding breeds through cross breeding in a systematic manner. Importation of inappropriate genetic material coupled with indiscriminate crossbreeding and a clear neglect of indigenous breeds has created a situation, where a number of native breeds of livestock are under threat of extinction. Unplanned and sporadic attempts that were made for breed improvement of various species failed, because the initiatives were not based on thorough breed/ genotype testing results and not based on well-thought out and sound breeding goals, breeding criteria, animal recording systems, animal evaluation procedures, and animal selection and mating plans. Breeds and breeding program inherently requires heavy initial investments and regular and timely flow of resources. Sustained funding support for breeding work has not been forthcoming. As a result, the limited expertise available in this field remains underutilized. There is no regulatory body or national Breeding Act to regulate breed imports, prices of breeding materials, merits and quality of breeds, breeding materials and breeding services. Within the existing cattle breeding services (including artificial insemination), farmers have little or no idea of the merit and quality of the semen being provided for insemination. The same is true for other species such as goats and buffaloes, and applies also to imported germplasm (live animals, semen, embryos, etc). Policy framework for Breeds Development: 1. A National Breeding Program would be finalized and approved; 2. Conservation and utilization program of potential indigenous breeds for poor smallholders in the pertinent locality would be developed; 3. A comprehensive human resource development program in animal breeding would be developed; 4. Frozen semen production unit would be established for wide scale artificial insemination of Black Bengal Goats to face the challenge of service storage of proven buck throughout the country; 5. Breeders Association’ would be established for monitoring and coordination of livestock breeding activities in the country. 4. 6Hides and Skins Leather including crust as well as finished leather and leather goods is an important export earner contributing about 6 to 7 percent of total export earnings. A large propo rtion of leather materials are however downgraded and rejected due to poor quality. Leather defects are reported to be responsible for a more than 50 percent cut in the value of leather. Cattle and goats are the major skin and hide producing species followed by buffalo and sheep. Most slaughtering takes place with inadequate facilities for electricity, water, and sewerage. There are an estimated 192 improvised slaughter houses at district level, 1215 at Upazila level and more than 3,000 slaughtering points in hats and bazaars as well as by road sides of cities and towns. Hides are in most cases removed by unskilled persons using inappropriate tools, giving rise to irregular shapes and flay cuts. Defects in goat and sheep skins have been significantly reduced in recent years with the introduction of hang and pull systems of flaying. Besides hides and skins, the slaughtering of animals generates potentially valuable by- products including blood, bones, hoofs, rumen and visceral contents, hairs, etc. Only a part of certain by-products, generated mainly in organized slaughter houses, are collected and processed by cottage level factories. Most of these by-products are discarded and thrown away, resulting in large economic losses and environmental pollution. Tannery operations are further impacting negatively on the environment. Financing is a major problem, particularly the primary market intermediaries like farias and beparis suffer due to lack of adequate working capital and inadequate access to finance. The shortage of capital reduces the purchasing capacity of intermediaries and consequently, a large quantity of hides and skins are pilfered in the neighbouring country, especially during Eid-ul-Azha. Ful1hennore, prices drop during Eid-ul-Azha, when large quantities of hides and skins are produced. The low prices in turn provide little incentive for proper flaying, handling and preservation. Policy framework for Hides and Skins: 1. Butchers and merchants (Farias, Beparis and Aratdars) would be trained on basic knowledge of flaying, curing and storing for improved management and quality of hides and skins; 2. An autonomous agency would be established for quality control and cet1ification of hides and skins; 3. Environmental legislation on slaughter and tannery operations would be framed and enforced; 4. Private sector would be encouraged to establish small to medium scale industries to utilize slaughter and tannery by-products for producing high quality feed supplement for animal feeds; and 5. Access to micro-finance and banking facilities would be improved for intermediaries. 4. 7Marketing of Livestock Products Milk: There is no systematic marketing network and market information system for milk and milk products to support smallholder dairy farmers in the rural areas. Farmers sell milk either in the local market or to goal as (traditional milk collectors) who continue to render useful services to the rural community, and sometimes work as supplying agents to private firms. Commercial marketing of milk started in the late 1970s by Milk Vita. Milk Vita has established milk-processing plants in various places and collects milk from its cooperatives members. BRAC, Pran and CLDDP (Community Livestock and Dairy Development Project) have also recently installed milk processing, and a small number of other private farms are dealing with pasteurized milk. These enterprises however, only cover a part of the country. Most small-scale dairy farmers in rural areas sell their milk in local markets at around a third to half of the price at which milk is sold in the cities. Low prices and price fluctuations are found to be important constraints to increased production and higher income of milk producers. Milk production costs are largely determined by feed prices (wheat and rice bran), which are increasing, in some cases rapidly. Meat: There is a high demand for meat in the local markets. In the past, the beef price was relatively low due the ready supply of cattle from neighbouring country. The supply has recently been restricted and as a result meat prices have increased sharply. Constraints to long-term development of the beef industry include lack of improved breeds, low meat quality, and limited access to credit and insurance amongst smallholders. Eggs: The egg marketing system can be characterized as oligopolistic, under control of the Aratdars who extend credit to the poultry farmers who in turn are obliged to sell through the Aratdars for loan repayment. The price of eggs in large city markets is usually not known to the rural poultry farmers The time and distance from collection to marketing is often long with traditional means of transportation. Spoilage and broken eggs are common Policy framework for Marketing of Livestock Products: 1. Farmers groups and cooperatives formation would be encouraged and supported for collective marketing of livestock products by community based organizations and associations; 2. Access to micro-finance and insurance schemes for poor smallholders including women would be improved; 3. Farmer’s information network for price data and processing of trade related information would be established with private sector support; 4. An Internet-based communication system would be established alongside regular broadcasting of trade related information and monitoring and forecasting of prices of livestock products; 5. Management Information Systems (MIS) would be established in the DLS on livestock product marketing; 6. Government if required will intervene the market to ensure minimum price of egg and meat for farmers; 7. Private sector would be encouraged to be involved in egg processing and other value added product manufacturing industries. 4. 8International Trade Management In order to derive the full benefits of globalization and trade liberalization, Bangladesh must further develop its export products to satisfy product standard requirements of importing countries and obtain up-to-date information from different markets. Bangladesh is signatory of the WTO (World Trade Organization) Agreement on Agriculture (AOA). The AOA provides a framework for the long-term reforms of agriculture trade and domestic policies to move forwards market orientation in agricultural trade. The obligations and disciplines incorporated in the AOA relate to four aspects, viz, i) agreement on market access; ii) agreement on domestic support; iii) agreement on export competition/subsidy; and iv) agreement on SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary) measures. Bangladesh is not fully able to meet the recommended safety and quality standards for livestock products consistent with the SPS guidelines as regulated by the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The main problem stem from: (i) inadequate veterinary services; (ii) lack of skilled human resources; (iii) lack of diagnostic facilities; (iv) lack of financial support; (v) lack of disease surveillance and monitoring of animal health; (vi) lack of updated food legislation; and (vii) need for an improved national food export inspection and certification program. Incidences of TADs (trans-boundary animal diseases), such as foot and mouth disease, are preventing Bangladesh from entering potential markets for livestock products. As the problem of TADs is being addressed on a larger scale, regional initiatives are becoming important and Bangladesh will seek the opportunity to enter into regional agreements to control TAOs. This will necessitate significant changes in the veterinary service system, particularly within diagnostic services and veterinary public health. Most export-oriented enterprises are small and medium size, with limited capacity to undertake market research, invest in technologies, and collect, store, and process trade information. Other important challenges relate to meeting labour and environmental standards, improving design and packaging, and accessing and using up-to-date information on consumer preferences and trends in global markets. Many enterprises have neither the in-house capacity to gather the necessary trade-related information nor the networks to access such information. Policy framework for International Trade Management: 1. Focal points would be set up in the OLS and the MoFL (Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock) to deal with the international and regional trade agreements and ensure implementation of notifications and obligations; 2. Training would be provided to the officials in the OLS, MoFL and livestock related industries to enable them to fully appreciate and deal effectively with international and regional trade agreements; 3. Requirements of trade related technical assistance for the DLS, MoFL and private exporters would be assessed and required assistance would be provided; 4. The capacity of DLS would be developed through institutional reform to address SPS and HACCP requirements; 5. An Internet-based communication system would be established to facilitate international market networking for livestock products; 6. MIS (management information systems) would be established in the OLS and MoFL for international trade management of livestock products; and 7. Private sector people would be included with all activities of international trade management. 4. 9Access to Credit and Insurance Credit The effective coverage of micro credit programs in Bangladesh was around II million households in 2002 of which around 80% were below poverty line. It is estimated that less than a fifth of the total micro credit disbursed by NGOs till June 200 I, was given to the livestock sub-sector mostly to poor women in rural areas. Financing of agricultural and other rural economic activities have not in the past attracted adequate interest of banks and institutional lenders. As recently as 2003 livestock attracted less than 5% of the total credit disbursed in the agricultural sector by state-owned lending institutions, although the trend in recent years has been sharply upwards. The livestock development has accelerated the demand for concentrate feeds, drugs, vaccines, and veterinary services. These trends are expected to continue in the coming years with resultant increases in demand for credit support. Expansion of livestock operations among poor smallholders and commercial livestock producers, as well as input suppliers (feed mills, drug producers, etc. ) and processors of livestock products is thus expected to increase the demand tor finance throughout the sub-sector, and will be needed to help facilitate continued horizontal and vertical integration. The following constraints and challenges in particular characterize the micro-credit sector: (i) insufficient funds; (ii) inappropriately packaged loans for production cycles of livestock; (iii) red tape and collateral requirements effectively reducing credit access for smallholders, notably the poor; (iv) inadequate loan supervision; (v) insufficient training in financial management and business planning (applies to both loan providers and takers); (vi) inadequate technical support; (vi) inappropriate interest rate policies and practices; (vii) conflicts of interest within NGOs providing both technical and credit support often to the detriment of the former; (viii) smallholder vulnerability and risk from natural and man-made disasters; and (ix) better servicing of the hard-core poor. Policy framework for Increasing Access to Credit: 1. Formation of CBOs (Community Based Organisations) linking them with DLS, NGOs, commercial banks, and insurance companies would be encouraged for delivery of appropriate livestock credit packages to the doorstep of small scale livestock farmers including poor women; 2. A Livestock Credit Fund would be established in the Bangladesh Bank for distribution of subsidized credit to small scale livestock farmers through CBOs; 3. Micro-finance packages better tailored to the production cycles of various livestock species would be promoted; 4. Micro-finance packages targeted towards and appropriate for the hard-core poor including women would be promoted; 5. Training would be provided to smallholder groups in livestock-related business planning and financial management; 6. Monitoring and supervision of micro finance institutions would be enhanced for adherence to international best practice; and 7. Provision of micro-finance services from technical services would be separated where necessary for clearer regulation. Insurance Livestock production is subject to the risks of animal disease, accident, and death. The result is often a serious decline in farm income and consequent failure on the pa11 of especially poorer farmers to maintain their livelihoods. Livestock insurance can: i) provide protection against loss of livestock from accident or disease, stabilizing income; ii) raise credit worthiness; iii) contribute to a reduction in the incidences of animal death and accident by requiring certification of a minimum standard of animal husbandry practices; and iv) encourage development of cattle breeding and dairy industries. Out of 62 insurance companies in Bangladesh, 60 are private companies of which none are involved in livestock insurance. Only a state owned insurance company, SBC (Sadharan Bima Corporation) has since 1980 been providing livestock insurance. It covers only projects financed by BKB (Bangladesh Krishi Bank) and other nationalized Commercial Banks. SBC insured 7. 567 dairy animals between 1981 and 2003, indicating only very negligible insurance coverage for livestock. No modifications of the SBC insurance program have been made since 1985 to address the changing scenarios in the dairy and poultry industries. There are at present none or only very few private sector companies with the skills or funds to initiate livestock insurance. There are no collaborative arrangements between insurance companies and public sector organizations to assist the companies in setting up insurance schemes. Milk Vita and CLDDP have developed a self-insurance scheme for their cooperative members and farmer groups/associations, which appears to be working well, Smallholders may not, however yet fully recognize and appreciate the implications and potential benefits of livestock insurance. Experience suggests that some level of subsidy for smallholder livestock enterprises may be necessary, at least during the initial period. Policy framework for Increasing Access to Livestock Insurance: 1. In consultation with insurance companies, CBOs and NGOs and other stakeholders, a strategy for expansion of livestock insurance coverage would be developed; 2. A Livestock Insurance Development Fund would be established in the Bangladesh Bank, 3. Self-insurance systems for poor smallholders including women through community-based livestock development programmes would be promoted; 4. A national database on livestock mortality, disease incidence and productivity of livestock would be developed and maintained at the DLS; 5. Awareness among smallholders on the benefits of livestock insurance schemes would be raised; and 6. Successful experiences of insurance models of other countries in the region would be studied and emulated. 4. 10Institutional Development for Research and Extension Livestock Research To carry out livestock research in the public sector BLRI (Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute) was established under a Presidential Ordinance in 1984 as a semi-autonomous body. It is organized into eight research divisions and an administrative division, called the support service division. The research divisions are: (i) Animal Production; (ii) Poultry Production; (iii) Animal Health; (iv) System Research; (v) Socio-economics; (vi) Goat and Sheep Production; (vii) Biotechnology; and (viii) Planning, Training and Technology Demonstration. The 1984 Ordinance was amended in 1996 as an Act in line with the amendment of the Act of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC). The functions of BLRI are not sharply focused and its structure has a number of deficiencies. There are many important new issues that are not reflected in the functions. Dramatic changes that have taken place in recent years within Bangladesh and internationally (globalization and trade liberalization combined with WTO regulations and OIE requirements), which have changed both domestic and the international market scenarios. In the context of these changes, the functions of BLRI need to be sharpened. Major deficiencies exist in veterinary research, planning and management, human resource management, and information management. There is no Unit and staff to deal with planning, evaluation and monitoring. Veterinary research is done only on a limited scale under the Animal Health Division, There is no provision of a Director (Research), responsible for research planning, coordinating and monitoring the implementation of research projects; evaluating and reporting research outputs on a regular basis; and maintaining direct contact with DLS and sister research institutions, as well as liaison with other concerned Depal1ments. There is no management information system (MIS) for research at BLRI and Information management is generally weak. The shortage of operating funds for research is acute in BLRI. The annual allocation shows a declining trend in real terms. BLRI has been entirely depending on the development budget and contract research grants from BARC (also under development projects) for carrying out research. This has restricted BLRI in developing and undertaking meaningful research programs to support the poverty reduction program of the Government. BLRI has problems with training of its personnel. There is no provision for staff training or a built-in system of carrier progression within the research divisions like in the research institutes in the crop sector. This has created a high rate of attrition of qualified scientists. Policy framework for Livestock Research: 1. Research capacity of BLRI headquarters and its Regional Stations would be enhanced to address national priority and untapped potential regional livestock resources; 2. Private and NGO initiatives in livestock research would be encouraged and supported; 3. The mandate, functions and structure of BLRI would be sharpened including provision of a Director (Research), with a view to enhance the capacity to coordinate, maintain liaison with other concerned Departments; and conduct livestock research for pro-poor sustainable development; 4. Research capacity of BLRI would be extended to ensure safe production of animal products and by-products, animal protein supplement, feed additives, premixes, probiotics and mineral and vitamin supplements as inputs for poultry and livestock development; 5. The Act of BLRI would be amended to give greater autonomy to the Management Board and the Institute to bring it at a par with the crop research institutes; 6. Enabling environment should be created to develop quality manpower to undertake challenges for emerging livestock resource development in the context of global reformation; 7. Service structure and rules of business would be framed for BLRI to improve its management and to provide career development opportunities for talented scientists; 8. Research budget of BLRI would be increased to 40 per cent of its total annual budget. to meet the research operating costs. Livestock Extension For the extension of Livestock Services the Directorate of Livestock Services was established in 1960 and renamed as the Department of Livestock Services (DLS) in the late 1980s. Since 1960, the mandate and functions, structure, organization and management systems of DLS have remained almost unchanged. DLS is organized into five divisions, headed by their respective Directors: (i) Animal Health and Administration; (ii) Research, Training and Evaluation; (iii) Extension; (iv) Officers Training Institute; and (v) Production. The divisions are functionally split into sections to deal with different subject matters. Other entities of DLS include a LRI (Livestock Research Institute), a CDIL (Central Disease Investigation Laboratory), 7 FDIL (Field Disease Investigation Laboratories), a CVH (Central Veterinary Hospital), and 64 DVH (District Veterinary Hospitals). DLS has a number of training facilities such as the OTIs (Officers Training Institute) and VTI (Veterinary Training Institutes) and LTI (Livestock Training Institute), but remain grossly underutilized due to lack of funds. The structure of DLS offers insufficient focus on the issues that matter most. The functional Divisions are not structured in a logical fashion. Elements of veterinary services are scattered throughout different divisions/sections and function in an uncoordinated manner. The Veterinary Public Health Section exists but is neither equipped nor does it have the funds to deal adequately with disease surveillance and reporting, food safety and control of zoonotic diseases, and other public health issues. It has no linkages to the Health Department and the Public Health Institute. It also does not have a supporting legal framework to implement its mandate. Almost nothing is done on disease surveillance, including trans-boundary diseases. The major challenges facing DLS were identified as: (i) inappropriate mandate and functions; (ii) structural and organizational deficiencies; (iii) frontline services at the Upazila level is thin and weak; (iv) weak linkages with research organization including BLRI; (v) weak management system and MIS (management information system; (vi) slow recruitment and promotion system; (vii) shortage of skilled manpower; (viii) lack of regular skill development training; and (ix) limited budget allocation. In the context of increasing participation by the private sector and NGOs in livestock development, there is an urgent need to redefine the mandate and functions of DLS in a fashion that will allow it to gradually withdraw from private goods services, engage increasingly in delivery of public goods services viz. disease surveillance and reporting, food safety, enforcement of . laws and regulations, and quality control of feeds/drugs/vaccines/semen and breeding materials and facilitate private sector involvement. Policy framework for Livestock Extension: 1. Private sector, NGOs, and CBOs would be encouraged to provide private goods livestock services, viz. veterinary services, vaccination etc 2. DLS would be reformed to enhance its role as a provider of public goods services viz. regulatory measures, quality assurance and control, monitoring function, food safety function, disease surveillance, etc. ; 3. Livestock extension services frontline would be extended up to Union level in stages to make it available close to villages; 4. Resource allocations to DLS would be increased to make it effective in delivery of public goods services; 5. Autonomous unit/institute would be established for quality assurance and certification of livestock products, vaccines and biologics, and consumer’s rights protection; 6. Retraining program would be developed and implemented to equip DLS staffs with new knowledge and skills within the framework of a clearly defined human resource development action plan; 7. Besides staff training, DLS training institutes would be opened for all eligible candidates from private sector, NGOs and CBOs for livestock services extension training. 8. A special cell in all DVH would ensure round the clock service for emergency purpose. 9. DVH would further extend to TVH (Thana Veterinary Hospital) to ensure better service protection of the animal population, and 10. Extension-research-NGO linkage would be strengthened for field testing and dissemination of livestock technologies. 5. Implementation Strategy of the National Livestock Development Policy The implementation strategy would be to provide support that will specifically target factor productivity, investments and risks as follows: a. Public investment would be increased in livestock infrastructure to provide public goods and services delivery, and promoting private investment; b. Public investment would also be increased in livestock research for technological innovations to enhance productivity, income, employment; c. Market regulatory measures would be taken to shifts in relative prices of inputs and outputs to correct market distortions, rationalize the incentive structures for investment and mitigate negative impacts on environment; d. An appropriate legal and regulatory framework would be put in place; and e. Institutional reforms would be carried out and good sectoral governance would be put in place making both public and private sectors more transparent, accountable and mutually supportive. Policy framework for dairy development is: Cooperative dairy development (Milk Vita model) would be expanded in potential areas allover the country; †¢Successful pro-poor models for community-based smallholder dairy development including appropriate contact farming schemes would be replicated; †¢Smallholder dairy farming, integrated with crop and fish cul ture would be promoted; †¢Supply chain based production, processing and marketing of milk and milk products would be promoted; †¢A National Dairy Development Board would be established as a regulatory body to promote dairy development; †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"National Dairy Research Institute† would be established to carryout research in various aspects of dairying. Policy framework for meat production: Animal Slaughter Act, Animal Feed Act and Animal Disease Act would be approved and enforced in order to promote hygienic production of quality meat; †¢Butchers would be trained on scientific methods of slaughtering, meat processing and preservation techniques; †¢Development of beef breeds for increased productivity at farm level; †¢Development of backward and forward linkage system to help improvement of existing cattle fattening system into private enterprises; †¢Private sector would be encouraged to establish mechanized slaughter houses with Static Flaying Frame in Divisional cities; and Local Government would be encouraged to establish slaughter slabs in municipality and Upazila headquarters; †¢Production of Black Bengal Goats would be promoted by ensuring disease prevention, availability of quality bucks and semen for artificial insemination, and knowledge transfer through special projects; †¢Buffalo and sheep farming would be developed in selected high potential areas through special projects. Policy framework or Poultry Development: †¢Successful pro-poor models would be replicated for semi-scavenging poultry development; †¢Formation of poultry smallholder groups, CBOs, and producers associations would be facilitated; †¢Quality control of poultry feeds and feed ingredients would be ensured through establishment of a legal body and enforcement of regulations; †¢Production and consumption of safe (antibiotic residue free) including organic meat and eggs would be promoted; †¢Criteria and guidelines would be established to ensure supply of quality day-old chicks; †¢Specific guidelines would be developed and enforced for stablishing environment-friendly commercial poultry farms; Small commercial farms would be converted into profit oriented large farms following cooperative system. †¢Poultry farms of the DLS would be utilized as breeding and multiplication farms / centres for smallholder training, technology testing and demonstration etc †¢Smallholder production and marketing of ducks and minor poultry species (e. g. Quail, Goose, Pigeon, Guinea fowl) in selected areas would be promoted; †¢National Reference Laboratory for detection of Avian Influenza virus and other emerging diseases would be established; and †¢National Avian Flu Preparedness Plan would be implemented. Policy framework for Veterinary Services and Animal Health: †¢Soft loans would be provided to accelerate the development of private veterinary services; †¢Community-based veterinary service would be developed through special projects; †¢An autonomous Quality Control Agency would be established to ensure quality of veterinary drugs, vaccines, feeds, feed ingredients and breeding tools and materials; †¢A licensing system for veterinary pharmacists and a quality monitoring system of veterinary services would be introduced; †¢Veterinary research would be strengthened in critical areas, particularly those related to provision of public goods and services; †¢Veterinary public health services would be strengthened and closer linkages with the Department of Health would be established; †¢Capacities of disease investigation network of DLS would be strengthened for disease surveillance, quarantine services and emergency planning to manage major disease outbre aks including Avian Influenza and other emerging diseases; †¢Specific strategy would be developed for controlling economically important trans-boundary animal diseases; †¢Veterinary Council would be strengthened to help ensure quality veterinary services; †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"National Livestock Health Disaster Committee† would be formed including all trade organizations to combat such crisis; †¢A separate â€Å"Veterinary Cell† would be established in Department of Drug Administration for facilitating decision making on veterinary drug registration and approval in Bangladesh. Animal Health Companies Association and related trade association would be included in the committee to represent the private sector. †¢Promote and encourage private sector to set-up compliant veterinary diagnostic center, clinics and hospitals to cater the needs of the farmers and other beneficiaries. Policy framework for Feeds and Animal Management: Feed and fodder development strate gy would be developed for community- based fodder cultivation along roads and highways, rivers and embankments, in Khas lands, and in combinations with crops; †¢Necessary support would be provided to the private sector for utilization and promotion of crop residues, agro-industrial by-products and unconventional feed resources as animal feed; †¢An Animal Feed Act would be approved and implemented to ensure feed quality; and †¢ Resources would be provided for training of dairy farmers on improved animal management and husbandry practices. †¢Organizational support system development for coordination of support services for smallholder dairy development in private sector; †¢Private sector support system development for strengthening manufacturing and marketing of feed and feed additives; †¢Human resource development. Policy framework for Breeds Development: A National Breeding Program would be finalized and approved; †¢Conservation and utilization pro gram of potential indigenous breeds for poor smallholders in the pertinent locality would be developed; †¢A comprehensive human resource development program in animal breeding would be developed; †¢Frozen semen production unit would be established for wide scale artificial insemination of Black Bengal Goats to face the challenge of service storage of proven buck throughout the country; †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœBreeders Association’ would be established for monitoring and coordination of livestock breeding activities in the country. Policy framework for Marketing of Livestock Products: Farmers groups and cooperatives formation would be encouraged and supported for collective marketing of livestock products by community based organizations and associations; †¢Access to micro-finance and insurance schemes for poor smallholders including women would be improved; †¢Farmer’s information network for price data and processing of trade related information would be esta blished with private sector support; †¢An Internet-based communication system would be established alongside regular broadcasting of trade related information and monitoring and forecasting of prices of livestock products; †¢Management Information Systems (MIS) would be established in the DLS on livestock product marketing; †¢Government if required will intervene the market to ensure minimum price of egg and meat for farmers; †¢Private sector would be encouraged to be involved in egg processing and other value added product manufacturing industries. Policy framework for Livestock Research: Research capacity of BLRI headquarters and its Regional Stations would be enhanced to address national priority and untapped potential regional livestock resources; †¢Private and NGO initiatives in livestock research would be encouraged and supported; †¢The mandate, functions and structure of BLRI would be sharpened including provision of a Director (Research), with a view to enhance the capacity to coordinate, maintain liaison with other concerned Departments; and conduct livestock research for pro-poor sustainable development; †¢Research capacity of BLRI would be extended to ensure safe production of animal products and by-products, animal protein supplement, feed additives, premixes, probiotics and mineral and vitamin supplements as inputs for poultry and livestock development; †¢The Act of BLRI would be amended to give greater autonomy to the Management Board and the Institute to bring it at a par with the crop research institutes; †¢Enabling environment should be created to develop quality manpower to undertake challenges for emerging livestock resource development in the context of global reformation; †¢Service structure and rules of business would be framed for BLRI to improve its management and to provide career development opportunities for talented scientists; †¢Research budget of BLRI would be increased to 40 per cent of its total annual budget. to meet the research operating costs. Policy framework for Livestock Extension: †¢Private sector, NGOs, and CBOs would be encouraged to provide private goods livestock services, viz. veterinary services, vaccination etc †¢DLS would be reformed to enhance its role as a provider of public goods services viz. regulatory measures, quality assurance and control, monitoring function, food safety function, disease surveillance, etc. ; †¢Livestock extension ervices frontline would be extended up to Union level in stages to make it available close to villages; †¢Resource allocations to DLS would be increased to make it effective in delivery of public goods services; †¢Autonomous unit/institute would be established for quality assurance and certification of livestock products, vaccines and biologics, and consumer’s rights protection; †¢Retraining program would be developed and implemented to equip DLS staffs with new kn owledge and skills within the framework of a clearly defined human resource development action plan; †¢Besides staff training, DLS training institutes would be opened for all eligible candidates from private sector, NGOs and CBOs for livestock services extension training. †¢A special cell in all DVH would ensure round the clock service for emergency purpose. †¢DVH would further extend to TVH (Thana Veterinary Hospital) to ensure better service protection of the animal population, and †¢Extension-research-NGO linkage would be strengthened for field testing and dissemination of livestock technologies. Implementation Strategy of the National Livestock Development Policy †¢The implementation strategy would be to provide support that will specifically target factor productivity, investments and risks as follows: †¢Public investment would be increased in livestock infrastructure to provide public goods and services delivery, and promoting private investment; †¢Public investment would also be increased in livestock research for technological innovations to enhance productivity, income, employment; †¢Market regulatory measures would be taken to shifts in relative prices of inputs and outputs to correct market distortions, rationalize the incentive structures for investment and mitigate negative impacts on environment; †¢An appropriate legal and regulatory framework would be put in place; and †¢Institutional reforms would be carried out and good sectoral governance would be put in place making both public and private sectors more transparent, accountable and mutually supportive. 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